
Behind the scenes and making of: Artist Olafur Eliasson in the music video for "1+1=11” by Peggy Gou and directed by Olafur Eliasson
Photograph: Christina Werner / Studio Olafur Eliasson © 2024 Olafur Eliasson
Olafur Eliasson: How to Carry the Planet on One’s Back
by Sara Buoso

Olafur Eliasson, The weather project, 2003 Installation view: Tate Modern, London, 2003 Photo: Olafur Eliasson
Courtesy of the artist; neugerriemschneider, Berlin; Tanya Bonakdar Gallery, New York © 2003 Olafur Eliasson
As we are about to celebrate the summer solstice, this article highlights the experimental practice of artist Olafur Eliasson (1967, Copenhagen; lives and works in Berlin). The artist’s contribution lies in a new way of intertwining art and science with a particular focus on the topics of light and landscape in 21st century artistic discourse. The article retraces the fundamental topics of the artist’s investigation, his methods and models, and ultimately, his addressing of a new ethical and aesthetic sensibility towards nature and the planet. In June 2026, Olafur Eliasson will be awarded the distinguished Honorary Carl Nielsen and Anne Marie Carl-Nielsen Fellowship, the most prestigious award in the Arts in Denmark.
The new millennium debuted with the curious presence of a work that immediately puts into question our perception and understanding of art. The installation The weather project, by the artist Olafur Eliasson, presented at the Turbine Hall at Tate Modern, London, in 2003, has had an exponential impact that still irradiates both artistic experience and discourse globally. With its monumental, yet ephemeral and atmospheric posture, the illusory artificial sun displayed at the Tate — consisting of a semicircular screen mounted on a mirrored ceiling and projecting monofrequency light permeated by the atmosphere of an artificial fog--has significantly contributed to a new sensibility that understands our relationship to the meteorological and morphological conditions of our planet both ethically and aesthetically. 2003 was also the year that consecrated Olafur Eliasson internationally when he was invited to present the kaleidoscopic installation The blind pavilion, 2003, in the Danish Pavillion at the 50th Venice Biennale. Since then, the artist’s work has introduced us to ways of rethinking the notion of the work of art and its experience by entangling art and science through experimental methods and models that inform his unique interpretation of form, composition, and artistic language. Eliasson invites us to explore new thresholds of artistic perception through novel ways of seeing, touching, embodying, traversing, and immersing ourselves in the experience of art, taking a leap beyond the horizon to jump into the motion and the curve of the space-time continuum. The artist’s interest in new perceptions of space-time often determines his use of site-specific, geo-localized and situated strategies, all of which inform new cartographies for configuring cosmological, atmospheric, and ecological practices in terms of sustainability.

Olafur Eliasson, Seven days of sunlight (Friday), 2026, Installation view: Studio Olafur Eliasson, Berlin Photo: Jens Ziehe © 2026 Olafur Eliasson
The weather project also resonates as an ambitious, yet necessary statement. Eliasson touches on the classical iconography of the Sun—the sacred and mythological incarnation of a supernatural deity for most global countries since antiquity—by rethinking it both symbolically and sustainably as an urgent meteorological phenomenon in reason of its impact on Earth for the 21st century, leaving us with a series of contrasting feelings and positions in relation to climate change. For Eliasson, honoring the presence of the Sun on our Earth seems a meditative practice to cultivate daily, as is perceivable from his series of drawings, prints, works on paper, and photographs. These meditative and intimate works inform his experimental and scientific approach by means of observing, recording, and prototyping models, resulting in a series of study-works, a methodology and a practice that the artist conducts every time he embarks on a new area of investigation into a dialogue between the natural and the artificial. This is the case of The sunset series, 2006, a series of photographic works capturing the sequence of the sun moving beyond the horizon at twilight and leaving the trace of after-images. Poetically, these studies are also seen in the meditative and intimate dimension of his watercolor series, such as Unforgetting solar exposure, 2020; Atmospheric compass, 2021; Retinal sun memory, 2022; Rainbow portrait (inspired), 2024 up to the mesmerizing vision of the work Holding space for polarizing but inclusive conversation, 2025, which explores diaphanous images through a subtle chromatic palette. Connected to this investigation is Eliasson’s interest in the phenomenon of transparency, which he explores in his series of minimalistic glass works such as The slow life of sunlight, 2023, which explores possible encounters between polar phenomena and reflections by configuring an illusionistic perception of light, time, and space through the distortion of elliptical and circular shapes anchored in a minimalistic sculpture suspended on the gallery’s walls. With the same purpose, Eliasson also dealt with the iconography of the Sun in pictorial works such as the series Seven days of sunlight, 2026, a project resulting from three years of experimenting with color by drawing in inks diluted with isopropyl alcohol and marking irregular movements as delicate impressions onto the surface of circular canvases.
Eliasson’s artistic and scientific research addresses a rethinking of form and composition which he explores by means of experimentation to inform his understanding of plastic practices. At the foundation of his studies is a revisiting of the ancient and esoteric tradition of the sacred geometry of solid forms that attributes sacred yet exact values to the shapes of polygonal solids. As argued by Plato in the Timaeus (360 A.C.), this sacred geometrical order consists of five solid polygons - the tetrahedron associated with the natural element of fire, the octahedron with air, the icosahedron with water, the cube with the earth, and the dodecahedron, inherently preserving the harmonical order of the golden ratio in the universe – culminating in the sphere that ideally can contain all these figures and thus symbolizes a metaphysical, ideal regime. Eliasson’s interest in the geometry of solid forms can be seen in the solar installation Care and power sphere, 2016, a geometrical light sculpture that captures the rays of the sun using solar panels and transforms them into light emitted by LEDs inside a spherical sculpture made up of multiple triangular facets, thus generating shifting patterns of light. The sculpture The exploration of the centre of the sun, 2017, an asymmetrical polyhedron that combines the figure of a dodecahedron with an icosahedron, acts as a geometrical configuration projecting an array of colors, effects, and luminous phenomena. Not limited to the physicality of his plastic and installation works, Eliasson further explores other thresholds of perception between real and virtual worlds. This is the case of Your view matter, 2022, which uses virtual reality technologies to create six different virtual spaces configured as solid geometries seen in color and black and white patterns, culminating in a sphere, while generating moiré effects, distortions and patterns underscored by a minimalist soundtrack created by the artist.
Since 2009, in conjunction with his exploration of light phenomena and effects, Eliasson has conducted experimental research on color. His contribution lies in a new color theory that draws from the perceptual and plastic effects of prismatic colors, a model that delineates its own color spectrum by observing the phenomenon of the diffraction of light through a prism, a method that he experimentally employed from color chemistry and applied to painting by selecting a pigment tone, luminosity, and saturation for each nanometer of light in the visible spectrum with a frequency ranging from approximately 390 to 700 nanometers, all informing illusionistic phenomena in his use of circular canvases. This series testifies to the artist’s interest in entangling artistic with scientific discoveries about color. He pays homage to both the physics and the tradition of perception of light, as seen, for example, when he entered into a dialogue with the chromatic palette of artists J.M.W. Turner and Caspar David Friedrich from the Romantic epoch. The outcome is a pictorial composition that uses thin glazes of pigment applied to overlapping circles in spherical wheels radiating from dark to black centers and overlapping to create either soft or vibrant nuances and gradations. In his works from the 2020s, this investigation leads him to explore three-dimensionality, as seen in the sculptural work Color experiment no.121 (Tunnel vision tomorrow), 2023, and to experiment with color through polychromatic geometrical installations such as Your changing atmosphere, 2024, which creates an interplay between light, color, and shape in a highly experiential and immersive environment.

Olafur Eliasson, Observatory for seeing the atmosphere’s futures, 2024, Installation view: Olafur Eliasson: OPEN, The Geffen Contemporary MOCA, Los Angeles, 2024 Photo: Zak Kelley
Courtesy of the artist; Tanya Bonakdar Gallery, New York; neugerriemschneider, Berlin © 2024 Olafur Eliasson
But Eliasson’s work is not limited to the solar system in an anthropocentric vision. By configuring relativistic paths and ways of seeing beyond the ordinary horizon, the artist experiments with a new kinetic and cosmological sculptural scale by configuring the assembly of entangled constellations. This is reflected in both his works on paper and in the glass compositions Arctic new moon, and Arctic blue moon, 2019, which study the propagation of moonlight through the Earth’s atmosphere. Eliasson’s orbital research continues in the work The seeing galaxy, 2015, consisting of twenty-four large spheres inserted in a rotating black circle integrated into a window that distorts the ordinary perception of space and time, taking a leap from reality. The series The listening dimension (orbit, 1-2-3), 2017, configures three large brass rings that intersect through geometries that disrupt the dualities between inner and outer space-time, virtual and actual space, providing an immersive configuration almost as if absorbing the viewer into space-time through uncanny effects. To paraphrase Bruno Latour’s rethinking of nature and culture as interdependent realms, we could say that Eliasson’s work offers cosmological and social ways for reassembling their entangled relationships through the agency of sculptural and installation experiences.
Along the same line, Eliasson’s work contributes to a new concept of the atmosphere as a virtual space for artistic practices, a space for ecological preservation and sustainability, and for rethinking the relationship between humans and non-humans. This area of investigation finds references in earlier works, such as Your atmospheric colour atlas, 2009, a series of immersive arrangements of fluorescent lights and colored rooms using a color spectrum system displayed from the ceiling of the gallery in which the viewer is invited to immerse her/himself in blurred, suggestive fogs in a dense, palpable atmosphere. The later watercolor series Atmospheric compass, 2021, provides further evidence of the ethical and aesthetic preoccupation that informs his understanding of diaphanous images. Observatory for seeing the atmosphere futures, 2024, at MOCA in Los Angeles is a kaleidoscopic installation that extends perception beyond the museum’s architecture, projecting upwards toward the atmosphere over the horizon mirrored inside the gallery in the shape of a sphere, curving and distorting the senses by imitating the color of the California sky in relation to meteorological change through the cipher of illusionism and immersivity. In line with contemporary investigations in this area, Eliasson thinks in sustainable terms about the atmosphere, suggesting that, in line with Giuliana Bruno’s argument, the atmosphere is a space where mediation, intersection, and relations are made possible, a transitory and immediate space that rethinks the boundaries between internal and external, private and public, humans and non-humans.

Olafur Eliasson, Oceanic void narrative, 2017 Installation view: Studio Olafur Eliasson, Berlin Photo: Jens Ziehe © 2017 Olafur Eliasson
Beginning in 2017, the ocean is another threshold of Eliasson’s investigation. Early works in colored glacial rock and glass such as Oceanic void narrative, 2017, and Ocean void immersion, 2017; Deep ocean void (wistful), 2017, North Atlantic ocean sound, 2021; The negotiation ocean, 2021; and the later glass and aluminum work The ocean surface flare, 2026, experiment with a deep color palette of blues through compositional layers and transparency to reflect on phenomena such as color emergence in the biosphere. This research allowed Eliasson to visualize compositionally the living environment in the oceanic dimension through studies of polyhedric geometries, as seen in the sculptures No symmetry in the ocean, 2019, and Firefly biosphere (oceanic), 2022, which ultimately led him to experiment with immersivity, as in the installation Viewing machine for imagining oceanic features, 2024, which artificially projects the viewer into a virtual infinity.
Eliasson’s practice contributes to sustainable ways of thinking about nature, landscapes, science and the arts. Different from traditional thinking about the divide between nature and culture, the artist’s contribution consists in soliciting a different ethical and aesthetic sensibility in relation to the natural world through artificial practices positioned as experimental practices. Eliasson visualizes a new suggestive imaginary for thinking about untouched, yet very symbolically connected, landscapes and environments by contrasting ancient stones, rocks, and related morphologies, as in the photographic series Riverbed, 2014. The works Our glacial perspectives, 2020; The ship series, 2024, and Long daylight pavilion, 2025, give visibility to the emergency of melting glaciers sculpturally and through installations. From the Arctic to the Meridian Equinox, Eliasson’s practice contributes to a new materialism in the arts between matter, form, agency, ecology, and sustainability. His approach results in reconsidering site-specific strategies by rethinking the notion of situated practices through the study of geo-localized, precise positionings between local and global communication. Eliasson’s work proposes new inclusive and sustainable cartographies for the 21st century. This methodology significantly contributes to the design of new atlases through a careful juxtaposition of historical, biographical, scientific, artistic, and cultural, ethical and political positioning – for the potential, yet evolutionary values hidden in this planet’s world.

Olafur Eliasson, Firefly biosphere (oceaning), 2022, Installation view: Studio Olafur Eliasson, Berlin Photo: Jens Ziehe © 2022 Olafur Eliasson
All in all, beauty is the concept that moves Eliasson’s artistic research and sensibility towards nature. Beauty is in fact, the title of an early work from 1993 that also exists in different versions, including Presence, 2025, a curious work of art that totally dematerializes the artistic object to deal with ephemerality, resulting in a new sense of the sublime between wonder and urgency in the arts. The installation consists of bands of colored light shimmering diaphanously in a mist whilst phenomena of refraction and reflection intertwine in contact with water droplets, resulting in the projection of a diaphanous rainbow that changes its spectrum in relationship to the viewer’s interaction with the work. From this pivotal piece to the present, Eliasson has contributed to a new aesthetic sensibility, a sensibility that moves from the purely contemplative function of art to art’s becoming experience.
This explains why, ultimately, it is fundamental for Eliasson to position the viewer at the core of his investigation and work, deploying conditions for self-reflection, awareness, and agency. It is notable, in fact, that the artist addresses a call to the viewer by using the pronouns “You/Your” in the titles of some of his works. Such an approach involves the exploration of new perceptual thresholds — visual, visually haptic, kinesthetic, immersive, and virtual--with the purpose of extending and expanding experience in relation to nature and the arts away from the rationalist frameworks that culturally connotate us as humans. Instead, the artist suggests new methods and models for thinking about nature and culture, humans and non-humans, as interdependent actors in this problematic yet evolving world. In conjunction with the purpose of addressing a new sensibility towards nature and our planet, Eliasson demonstrates how to rethink legacies from antiquity to the geometrical abstract schools of thought of the 20th century. One significant example in this regard is the installation Your spiral view, 2002, which recalls Plato’s Allegory of the Cave and projects it into the new millennium, functioning as an immersive and artificial experience for rethinking the state of human and non-human conditions. In front of these legacies and emergencies, Eliasson seems to suggest an ethics and a politics of care.

Sara Bouso is an art critic and curator. She holds a PhD in Art Theory and History, Central Saint Martins, London, specializing in photology and practices of light. She is a lecturer in Contemporary Art History at AANT, Academy of Arts and New Technologies, and DAM, Digital Arts & Media Academy, Rome.
Sara Bouso